VOlUME 04 ISSUE 12 December 2025
Tesfaye Molla
Institute of Foreign Affairs, Ethiopia
DOI : https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2025.v4i12n04Google Scholar Download Pdf
REFERENCES
1) Abdi, A. M. (2018). An Analysis of Factors Hindering IGAD’s Roles of Maintaining Regional Peace and Security: 2002-2017. Thesis, United States International University-Africa
2) Abraham, Kinfe 1(999) "The Challenges and Prospects of Pan-African Economic Integration." A Paper Presented at Conference on Economic Integration and Transboundary Resources. In EIIPD: Occasional Papers, 1-23 Vol. 3 No.12.
3) Adetula, V., Bereketeab, R. and Obi, C. (2019), “Introduction: Regional economic communities and peace-building in West Africa and the Horn of Africa” in Regional Economic Communities and Peacekeeping in Africa: Lessons from ECOWAS and IGAD, eds., Victor Adetula, Redie Bereketeab, and Cyril Obi, pp1-19, London: Routledge
4) African Intelligence (October 7, 2025) East Africa IGAD's finances in the red
https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-africa-and-the-horn/2025/10/07/igad-s-finances-in-thered,110530628-art
5) African Union (2006). Decision on the moratorium on the Recognition of Regional Economic Communities (RECs) DOC. EX.CL/278 (IX), retrieved from https://archives.au.int/handle/123456789/93
6) African Union (2025). African Integration Report 2025: Strengthening the implementation of regional frameworks to fully leverage continental achievements
7) Asante, S.K.B. 1997 Regionalism and Africa's Development. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
8) Bhalla, A.S. and Bhalla, P. (1997). Regional Blocs: Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks? London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
9) Dass, R. (2022). Militant and Drones: A Trend That is Here to Stay, RUSI reported that. Al=Shabaab in Somalia has used fixed-wing drones for surveillance and attacks
10) Felek, Mersha Zenebe( 2024), The implications of Ethiopia’s foreign policy dynamics towards the Horn of Africa since 199, 1Cogent Social Sciences 10:228731
11) IARAN, Inter-Agency Regional Analysts Network (March 2017) East Africa and the Horn in 2022: An Outlook for Strategic Positioning in the Region
12) IGAD (1996) Agreement Establishing the Intergovernmental Authority on Development. Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Nairobi.
13) IGAD (2020), IGAD Regional Strategy: The Framework, Information and Documentation Section of IGAD Secretariat, Intergovernmental Authority for Development, Djibouti.
14) IGAD (2023) Treaty Establishing the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Djibouti, the Preamble
15) IGAD (2023a) Treaty Establishing the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Djibouti - See Article 3 of the 2023 Treaty.
16) IGAD (2024). Navigating Challenges, Advancing Regional Prosperity, Annual Report 2024, Intergovernmental Authority for Development, Djibouti
17) IGAD, (2023b). Official Statement by Workneh Gebeyehu, IGAD Executive Secretary 1156th Virtual HoSG Meeting of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union on the Situation in Sudan Saturday 27th May 2023
18) Interview with BDU (2023), Interview with a lecturer at Bahr Dar University, conducted in December, Bahr Dar University, Bahr Dar
19) Interview with HU (2023), Interview with a lecturer at Hawassa University, conducted in October 2023, Hawassa
University, Hawassa
20) ISS, Institute for Security Study (2023). Special Report: The State of Governance, Peace and Security in the Horn of Africa. ISS, June 2023, retrieved from www.compressdsl.com
21) Joint Communique between Ethiopia and Somalia, September 29, 2022. In this communique, the parties agreed to jointly address extra-regional actors that could destabilize their relations, tacitly referencing actors from the Arabian Peninsula
22) Mahmoud, O. S. (2020, January 28). The Middle East’s Complicated Engagement in the Horn of Africa. United States Institute of Peace Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/01/middle-easts complicatedengagement-horn-africa
23) Maru, Mehari Taddele (2018). “Evolving Peace Trends and Regional Integration: Opportunities for revitalizing
24) Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)”, in Political Dynamics in the Horn of Africa:
25) Ndomo, Atieno (2009). Regional Economic Communities in Africa A Progress Overview, Study Commissioned by GTZ
26) Pamba, Edmond J. (2021).Foreign Powers and the Geopolitics of Instability: The Case of North and the Horn of Africa, In the Horn of Africa Bulletin, Volume IV, Issue I January-February 2021
27) Pamba, Edmond J. (2021).Foreign Powers and the Geopolitics of Instability: The Case of North and the Horn of Africa, In the Horn of Africa Bulletin, Volume IV, Issue I January-February 2021;
28) Telci, I. N. (2021). The Horn of Africa as venue for Regional competition: Motivations, Instruments and Relationship Patterns. Insight Africa
29) Tesfaye Molla (2002), Roadblocks to Economic Integration in the IGAD Sub-Regional, MA Thesis, AAU
Publication;
30) United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2025) Assessing Regional Integration in Africa ARIA XI, Delivering on the African Economic Community: Towards an African Continental Customs Union and African Continental Common Market
31) Wodajo, Kifle (1995). “Thirty Years of Inter-African Cooperation.” Ethioscope, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia, 25-35 Vol.1. No.3.
32) Woldearegay, Tewodros and Mamo, Gosa Abera (2019). The way-forward to make inter-governmental authority on development (IGAD) successful in actualizing a viable economic integration, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Vol. 13(4), pp. 53-61.
33) Ylonen, A. (2022). A Scramble of external powers and local agency in the Horn of Africa. CIBOB, Newsletter,
Notes International 280
VOlUME 04 ISSUE 12 December 2025
Indexed In