¹Rahandy Rizki Prananda, ²Umaira Hayuning Anggayasti, ³Moh. Febrian Syukur

^1,2,3Faculty of Law, Diponegoro University

DOI : https://doi.org/10.58806/ijsshmr.2025.v4i11n17

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ABSTRACT

In the digital age, reaction and review videos have evolved into one of the main forms of user-generated content (UGC) that is increasingly popular on various online platforms. This phenomenon has sparked an interesting debate about the line between creative expression and copyright infringement. This study examines how copyright law in Indonesia and the United States treats this type of content, highlighting the application of the fair use doctrine and the concept of transformative works. Through a comparative legal approach, this study compares the normative provisions, court decisions, and relevant policies in both countries to understand how each legal system seeks to balance the protection of the moral and economic rights of creators with freedom of public expression. In the United States, the fair use doctrine provides considerable interpretive leeway for transformative works, thereby encouraging innovation and new creative expression. In contrast, the system of restrictions and exceptions in the Indonesian Copyright Law is still relatively rigid and has not fully adapted to the rapidly evolving dynamics of digital culture. Through this comparison, the study identifies normative and structural gaps in Indonesia's copyright legal system, especially in dealing with new forms of creativity that emerge from interaction, collaboration, and active community participation in the digital space. Therefore, this article proposes the adoption of a more contextual and adaptive fair use principle as a step towards balancing the protection of creators' rights and support for the digital creative ecosystem. These findings are expected to enrich the global discourse on the relationship between creativity, freedom of expression, and copyright protection in an increasingly participatory digital society.

KEYWORDS:

Fair Use Doctrine; Transformative Works; Copyright Law; Comparative Study; Indonesia; United States.

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VOlUME 04 ISSUE 11 November 2025